La implantación de la jornada laboral de ocho horas en las farmacias españolas, 1904-1936 / The implementation of the eight-hour working day in Spanish pharmacies, 1904-1936

Resumen Se estudia la implantación de la jornada de ocho horas (1919) en las oficinas de farmacia españolas, así como los antecedentes legislativos que condujeron a ella: ley de descanso dominical y ley reguladora de la dependencia mercantil. Estos establecimientos sanitarios fueron contemplados en algunas de las situaciones de excepcionalidad que marcaban estas disposiciones, que eran diferentes en función de que el trabajador fuera "externo" o estuviera acogido al sistema de "internado". También recogemos y analizamos los puntos de vista de los grupos profesionales implicados (farmacéuticos y auxiliares), es decir, patronos y obreros, a través de la prensa profesional más destacada, que representaba a los intereses encontrados de estos profesionales.

Abstract This is a study about the implementation of the eight-hour day (1919) in Spanish pharmacy offices and the legislative antecedents that led to it: the Sunday rest law and the law regulating commercial dependency. These health establishments were contemplated in some of the exceptional situations that marked these provisions, which were different depending on whether the worker was "external" or was part of the "internship" system. The article also collects and analyzes the points of view of pharmacists and auxiliaries, that is, employers and workers, through the most prominent professional press, which represented the conflicting interests of these professionals.

Síndrome de desgaste profesional en médicos residentes de cuatro hospitales pediátricos de La Habana / Professional burnout syndrome in resident doctors from four pediatric hospitals in Havana

Introducción: La residencia médica constituye una etapa de formación que genera gran estrés, dicha situación puede coadyuvar a la génesis del síndrome de burnout, sin embargo, a pesar de su importancia, ha sido poco investigado en los educandos aspirante a la especialidad de Pediatría. Objetivo: Describir la frecuencia y características del síndrome de desgaste profesional entre residentes de cuatro hospitales pediátricos. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal realizado en cuatro hospitales pediátricos de la ciudad de La Habana en diciembre del año 2019. Se aplicó el cuestionario validado de Maslach Bournout Inventory. Para el análisis estadístico se definió la presencia del síndrome en tres dimensiones, si el puntaje correspondiente era alto; en situación de presentar en alguna dimensión moderado o bajo fue clasificado como propenso. Los datos cuantitativos de las variables se examinaron a través de medidas de tendencia central y variabilidad. Resultados: La caracterización de la muestra arrojó que el sexo femenino se observó en 91,0 por ciento con edad 33,4 por ciento menor de 30 años y el 66,6 por ciento eran solteros; 36,3 por ciento en los residentes eran del primer y segundo año y 35,5 por ciento de tercero. El síndrome se observó en 6 por ciento de los encuestados y clasificaron como propensos el 84,4 por ciento de la población. Conclusiones: El síndrome de desgaste profesional se observó con poca frecuencia, pero con una gran tendencia a presentarse como propenso entre los residentes de pediatría(AU)

Introduction: Medical residency is a stress-generating training stage. This situation can contribute to the genesis of burnout syndrome; however, despite its importance it has been poorly researched in the students aiming to be Pediatrics specialists. Objective: Describe the frequency and characteristics of professional burnout syndrome among residents of four pediatric hospitals. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study carried out in four pediatric hospitals in Havana city in December, 2019. The validated Maslach Bournout Inventory questionnaire was applied. For statistical analysis, the presence of the syndrome was defined in three dimensions, if the corresponding score was high; or if presenting some moderate or low dimension, it was classified as prone. Quantitative data on variables were examined through central trend measures and variability. Results: The sample characterization showed that the female sex was observed in 91.0 percent with ages 33.4 percent under the age of 30 and 66.6 percent were single; 36.3 percent of the residents were in the first and second year and 35.5 percent in the third year. The syndrome was observed in 6 percent of respondents and 84.4 percent of the population was classified as prone. Conclusions: Professional burnout was observed infrequently, but with a strong tendency to present as prone among pediatric residents(AU)

Asociación entre horas laboradas diariamente y presencia de síntomas depresivos en médicos residentes de Perú / Association between daily working hours and depressive symptoms in resident physicians in Peru

RESUMEN Introducción: Los médicos residentes que laboran más horas diarias son propensos a sufrir problemas de salud mental como la depresión, tema que se ha estudiado poco. Por ello, el presente estudio tiene por objetivos determinar la prevalencia de los síntomas depresivos y evaluar la asociación entre el número de horas diarias laboradas y la presencia de síntomas depresivos en residentes del Perú. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico que usó la base de datos de la Encuesta Nacional para Médicos Residentes-2016, una encuesta voluntaria realizada virtualmente por el Consejo Nacional de Residentado Médico de Perú a médicos que realizaban su residencia en este país. Se consideró presencia de síntomas depresivos una puntuación ≥ 3 con la escala Patient Health Questionnaire-2. Las horas laboradas diariamente se tomaron mediante una pregunta directa. Para evaluar la asociación de interés, se calcularon razones de prevalencia (RP) y sus intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%) usando regresiones de Poisson brutas y ajustadas con varianza robusta. Resultados: Se evaluaron las respuestas de 953 residentes (el 41,3% mujeres; media de edad, 32,5 arios), de los que el 14,6% tenía síntomas depresivos. En el análisis ajustado, se encontró que la prevalencia de síntomas depresivos aumentaba por cada hora laborada adicional (RP = 1,11; IC95%, 1,04-1,17). Conclusiones: Uno de cada 7 residentes presentó síntomas depresivos. Por cada hora laborada diariamente extra, la frecuencia de síntomas depresivos aumentó un 11%.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Resident physicians who work more hours a day are prone to suffer mental health problems such as depression, a subject that has been little studied. In this regard, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms and to evaluate the association between the number of daily working hours and depressive symptoms in Peruvian residents. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study that used the database of the National Survey for Resident Physicians-2016, a voluntary survey issued virtually by the National Council of Medical Residency of Peru to physicians who were undertaking their residency in Peru. The presence of depressive symptoms was considered as having obtained a score ≥3 with the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 scale. The number of hours worked each day was collected through a direct question. To assess the association of interest, prevalence ratios (PR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using crude and adjusted Poisson regressions with robust variance. Results : The responses of 953 residents (41.3% women, mean age: 32.5 years) were evaluated, 14.6% of which presented depressive symptoms. In the adjusted analysis, it was found that the prevalence of depressive symptoms increased for each additional hour worked (PR = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04-1.17). Conclusions: One in seven residents had depressive symptoms. For every extra daily working hour, the frequency of depressive symptoms increased by 11%.

Jornada de trabalho de 24 horas consecutivas e a implicação para o ofício da enfermagem / Jornada laboral de 24 horas consecutivas y la implicación para el trabajo de enfermería / Consecutive 24-hour working day and implication for the office of nursing

RESUMO A jornada de trabalho de 24 horas consecutivas é uma realidade na atividade de enfermagem. A demanda por melhores salários para a conquista de uma vida digna, muitas vezes, faz com que o profissional de enfermagem enfrente jornadas extensa e intensa de trabalho e em turnos noturnos. Porém, tal rotina pode implicar em prejuízo ao profissional, no que tange ao tempo de sono/repouso e exposição a maiores riscos de acidentes de trabalho devido ao cansaço. Adotou-se a teoria da motivação de Maslow para refletir sobre o que estimula o profissional de enfermagem a enfrentar jornadas de 24 horas consecutivas de trabalho, considerando que para atender às necessidades de vida, estima e autorrealização as longas jornadas de trabalho afetam negativamente o sistema fisiológico e psicossocial do profissional, colocando em risco as necessidades de sono/repouso e social/familiar. Dessa forma, este artigo de reflexão tem por objetivo fomentar a temática discutindo os impactos da jornada de trabalho da enfermagem na saúde e segurança do profissional e do paciente. Sugerem-se pausas ou reduzidas jornadas de trabalho para um repouso fisiológico adequado e minimização dos riscos na saúde do profissional, além de maior segurança para o paciente.

RESUMEN La jornada laboral de 24 horas consecutivas es una realidad en la actividad de enfermería. La demanda por mejores salarios para el éxito de una vida digna, muchas veces, hace con que el profesional de enfermería enfrente jornadas extensas e intensas de trabajo y en turnos nocturnos. Pero, tal rutina puede causar perjuicio al profesional, en cuanto al tiempo de sueño/reposo y exposición a mayores riesgos de accidentes de trabajo debido al cansancio. Se adoptó la teoría de la motivación de Maslow para reflejar sobre qué estimula al profesional de enfermería para enfrentar jornadas de 24 horas consecutivas de trabajo, considerando que para atender las necesidades de vida, estima y autorrealización, largas jornadas laborales afectan negativamente el sistema fisiológico y psicosocial del profesional, poniendo en riesgo las necesidades de sueño/reposo y social/familiar. De esta forma, este artículo de reflexión tiene el objetivo de fomentar la temática, discutiendo los impactos de la jornada laboral de la enfermería en la salud y seguridad del profesional y del paciente. Se sugieren pausas o reducidas jornadas laborales para un reposo fisiológico adecuado y disminución de los riesgos en la salud del profesional y mayor seguridad para el paciente.

ABSTRACT The 24-hour working day is a reality in the nursing activity. The demand for better wages to get a decent life often makes the nursing professional face extensive and intense work and night shifts. However, such routine can bring problems to the professional for in the time of sleep/rest and exposure to greater risks of work accidents due to the fatigue. Maslow's motivation theory was adopted to reflect on what stimulates the nursing professional to face 24 consecutive hours of work, considering that to meet the needs of life, esteem and self-realization, the long working hours negatively affect the physiological and psychosocial system aspects of the professional, putting the needs of sleep/rest and social/family life at risk. Thus, this article of reflection aims to foster the theme discussing the impacts of the nursing work day on the health and safety of the professional and the patient. Pauses or reduced working hours are suggested for an adequate physiological rest and minimization of the risks in the health of the professional, besides greater safety for the patient.

Monoparentalidad, trabajo materno y desarrollo psicomotor infantil: Un estudio chileno en niños que asisten a salas cuna en contexto de pobreza / Parenthood, maternal work and child development: A Chilean study in children attending daycares in poverty context

La monoparentalidad en contexto de pobreza ha sido asociada a dificultades en el desempeño parental, afectando negativamente en la salud mental infantil. Producto de los recientes cambios sociales de incorporación de la mujer al mundo laboral y el aumento en la cantidad de mujeres jefas de hogar, han aumentado las investigaciones que buscan comprender la situación de niños y niñas que cada vez ingresan a las salas cuna y jardines infantiles a menor edad. El presente artículo estudia la relación entre desarrollo psico-motor infantil, jornada laboral de la madre y configuración familiar en una muestra de 199 niños(as) de 8 a 24 meses de edad, de nivel socioeconómico bajo, que asisten a las salas cuna en Santiago de Chile. El desarrollo psicomotor de los infantes fue evaluado con la Escala de Evaluación del Desarrollo Psicomotor 0-24 meses (EEDP) de Rodríguez, Arancibia y Un-durraga (1976). La información concerniente a la configuración familiar y la jornada laboral fue extraída de la entrevista a los padres que realiza la educadora responsable de la institución. Los resultados muestran que los niños que asisten a salas cuna y cuyas madres trabajan jornada completa y provienen de una familia monoparental puntúan en desarrollo psicomotor significativamente más bajo que los niños cuyas madres también trabajan jornada completa, pero provienen de una familia biparental.

The absence of the father in poverty contexts has been related to difficulties in the exercise of parenting, affecting negatively infantsmental health. Because of the recent social changes, in respect with the participation of women in work and the growth in the number of woman who are managing their homes alone, there has been an increasing interest in comprehending the situation of boys and girls that are entering nurseries and playgrounds in a younger age. This article studies the relation between the infant psychomotor development, the mothersworking day and the family configuration, in a sample of 199 children between ages 8 to 24 months, in a low socioeconomic level who attend nurseries in Santiago, Chile. The psychomotor development of the infants was evaluated with the Scale of psychomotor development 0-24 months (EEDP) of Rodríguez, Arancibia and Undurraga (1976). The information regarding the family configuration and the working day was extracted from the interview to the parents made by the person responsible of the institution. The results show that children who attend nurseries and whose mothers work a complete working day and who come from a single-parent family, score meaningfully lower in psychomotor development than the children whose mothers have a complete working day, but come from a bi-parental families.

O trabalho do agente comunitário de saúde e a política de atenção básica em São Paulo, Brasil / The work of the community healthcare agent and the basic healthcare policy in São Paulo, Brazil

O artigo analisa parte de pesquisa participante em Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, cujo objetivo é compreender aspectos da implementação do Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) como política pública de atenção primária no embate com modelo médico-assistencial hegemônico no país. Expõe elementos de possível articulação entre pesquisa interventiva participante e formação em serviço, conformando proposta de pesquisa em que a colaboração dos participantes define seus rumos e desdobramentos. Por fim, apresenta duas situações exemplares do cotidiano da UBS, priorizando: a) dimensão política das relações de saber-poder nas equipes de PSF e destas equipes com outros profissionais da unidade e b) dimensão ideológica por meio das representações de si e dos outros nas relações de trabalho, contemplando a dinâmica do par identidade/alteridade. A análise revela, entre outros, a centralidade do agente comunitário de saúde (ACS), a quem se atribui papel de intermediário entre sistema público de saúde e população usuária dos bairros/comunidades pobres da cidade. Esse lugar de fronteira dos ACSs sofre e denuncia contradições e tensões de uma política cujas metas são definidas à revelia da experiência/saberes populares e que, concretamente, reforça os lugares de saber-poder estatais.

This paper examines part of the participating research developed at the Healthcare Basic Unit (UBS) of São Paulo city (Brazil), whose aiming at understanding the implementation aspects of the Family Healthcare Program (PSF) as a public primary care policy, facing the hegemonic assistentialist medical model within the country. It shows possible articulation elements between the participating intervening research and in-service education, shaping a research proposal where participants' cooperation defines its own development and unfolding. Finally, it brings two examples of the UBS day-by-day, prioritizing: a) the political dimension of the knowledge-power relationships within the PSF teams and between these teams and other professionals working at the unit, and b) the ideological dimension by means of the representations of themselves and the other people in the working relationships, considering the identity/alterity dynamics. Among others issues, the analysis reveals the centrality of the health care community agent (ACS), who impersonates an intermediating role between the public healthcare system and the users from the city low-income neighbors/communities. This bordering place of the ACSs encounters and denounces the contradictions and stresses of a policy whose goals are defined without considering the popular experience/knowledge, that really reinforces the places of the governmental knowledge-power.

Satisfacción familiar y laboral de mujeres con distintas jornadas laborales en una empresa chilena de servicios financieros / Family and job satisfaction of women with different working days in a Chilean financial service company / Satisfação familial e no trabalho de mulheres com diferentes jornadas de trabalho em uma firma chilena de serviços financeiros

Se analiza la relación existente entre los niveles de satisfacción familiar y laboral presentes en grupos de mujeres con diferentes jornadas laborales, controlando las variables sociodemográficas. Se aplicaron tres instrumentos a 134 trabajadoras técnicas y administrativas entre 20 y 56 años, pertenecientes a una empresa de servicios financieros de la Región del Maule. Se observa una relación significativa entre los niveles de satisfacción familiar y satisfacción laboral en mujeres con diferentes jornadas laborales (r=0,25, p=0,013). Para las mujeres solteras, la satisfacción laboral es mayor cuando se trabaja jornada completa, igual que en las mujeres con nivel educacional técnico-superior. En las mujeres con enseñanza media, la satisfacción laboral es mayor si se trabaja jornada parcial. En mujeres sin hijos, la satisfacción laboral es mayor cuando se trabaja jornada completa, y en las que tienen entre 1 y 3 hijos, la satisfacción laboral es mayor si se trabaja jornada parcial.

Current levels of family and job satisfaction present in groups of women with different working days were under study, controlling socio-demographic variables. Three instruments were applied to 134 technical and administrative workers whose ages were between 20 and 56 and who worked for a financial service company in the Maule Region. A significant relationship between the levels of family and job satisfaction was observed in women with different working days (r=0.25, p=0.0013). For single women, job satisfaction is higher when they work full time, as well as for women with superior educational and technical levels. In women with secondary education, job satisfaction is higher if they work part-time. In childless women, job satisfaction is higher when they work full time and in those who have between one or three children, job satisfaction is higher if they work part-time.

Neste artigo analisa-se a relação entre os níveis de satisfação familial e de trabalho de grupos de mulheres com jornadas diferentes de trabalho, controlando as variáveis sócio-demográficas. Aplicaram-se três instrumentos a 134 trabalhadoras técnicas e administrativas entre 20 e 56 anos em uma firma da região do Maule. Observa-se uma relação significativa entre os níveis de satisfação familial e de trabalho em mulheres com diferentes jornadas de trabalho r = 0.25, p = 0.013). As mulheres solteiras sentem maior satisfação de trabalho quando a jornada é completa; isso ocorre também às mulheres com nível educativo técnico superior. Nas mulheres com ensino secundário, a satisfação de trabalho é maior se a jornada é reduzida. Nas mulheres com filhos, esta satisfação é maior quando a jornada é completa; e nas que têm entre 1 e 3 filhos, é maior se a jornada é reduzida.

The Time Distribution of Physical Activity per Working Day of Non-agriculture Employed Population in China / 中国慢性病预防与控制

Objective To study the time distribution of non-agriculture employed population spent in a working day in China, and to provide basic information for intervention strategies.Methods The data of 2002 China Nutrition and Health Survey were used. The information on daily activities including occupation,transportation,exercise,housework,sedentary activity and sleep was described.Results Non-agriculture employed population spent 8.41 h,0.58 h,0.09 h,3.11 h,1.40 h and 7.89 h on occupation, transportation,exercise,sedentary activity,housework and sleep,respectively.Administrator,technologist and clerks spent less time on occupation activity than service workers,production and transportation workers and others did,and they spent more time on sedentary activity.Male spent more time on occupation activity and less time on housework and sleep than female did.People in rural area spent more time on occupation activity than those in urban area,but less time On transportation and sedentary activity.Conclusion Differences in time use among different employed groups,gender and area were found,which should be considered when intervention measure is developed.

Application of grouping statistic of working day and holiday through functions of SQL in Oracle / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To calculate workload according to working day and holiday separately.Methods Functions of SQL in Oracle were used to separate working day and holiday.Results The method could accomplish holiday's workload statistics expediently.Conclusions Statistics of holiday's workload are becoming ordinary work,so the separated analysis for them has practical value.